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Biological interaction
Biological interactions are the effects that the organisms in a community have on one another. In the natural world no organism exists in absolute isolation, and thus every organism must interact with the environment and other organisms. An organism's interactions with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.〔Elton, C.S. 1968 reprint. ''Animal ecology.'' Great Britain: William Clowes and Sons Ltd.〕
Image:Black Walnut middle.JPGistian | last4 = Koenig | first4 = Walter D. | year = 2011 | title = Mutualism or parasitism? phylogenetic approach to characterize the oxpecker-ungulate relationship | url = | journal = Evolution | volume = 65 | issue = 5| pages = 1297–1304 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01212.x }}〕]]
In ecology, biological interactions can involve individuals of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). These can be further classified by either the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and direction of their effects. Species may interact once in a generation (e.g. pollination) or live completely within another (e.g. endosymbiosis). Effects range from consumption of another individual (predation, herbivory, or cannibalism), to mutual benefit (mutualism). Interactions need not be direct; individuals may affect each other indirectly through intermediaries such as shared resources or common enemies.
== Interactions categorized by effect ==
Terms that explicitly indicate the quality of benefit or harm in terms of fitness experienced by participants in an interaction are listed in the chart. There are six possible combinations, ranging from mutually beneficial through neutral to mutually harmful interactions. The level of benefit or harm is continuous and not discrete, so a particular interaction may have a range from trivially harmful through to deadly, for example. It is important to note that these interactions are not always static. In many cases, two species will interact differently under different conditions. This is particularly true in, but not limited to, cases where species have multiple, drastically different life stages.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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